class seventh

Chapter no 1
Q no 1 Fill in the blanks
1 Root has many ­root hairs for absorption of water.
2 A root has a root cap at its apex for protection
3 Leaves have small openings called stomata’s.
4 Removal of water from the leaf is called transpiration.
Q no 2 Mark (√) for true and (X) for false.
1 Stem grows toward soil. (X)
2 Cambium is present in leaf. (X)
3 Nodes and internodes are present in the stem. ( √ )
4 Leaves have stomata. ( √ )
5 Food is transport through xylem tubes. (X)
Q no 3 Encircle the correct answers from the following choices.
1 Water moves through.
(a) Companion cells (b) Palisade tissue(c) Spongy cells (d) Xylem tubes
2 A root has
(a)Chloroplast (b) Stomata (c) Node (d) Root hair
3 Vascular bundle consist of
(a)Xylem and Palisade (b) Phloem and Cambium (c) Xylem and Cambium (d) Xylem and Phloem
Q no 4 write short answers.
1 What is transpiration?
Answer Evaporation of water from aerial parts of plants mainly through stomata (small pores present below leaves and some time at green stem).
2 What is the function of stomata?
Answer They regulates the loss of water secondly exchange of gases such as CO2.O2 occur through stomata.
3 Why phloem cells are called sieve tubes?
Answer The end wall of each phloem is perforated and resembles a sieve i.e., why they are called sieve tubes
4 What is the function of root hairs?
Answer They absorb water and dissolved minerals salts from the soil.
Q no 5 Describe the internal structure of root
Answer Internal structure of root By observing the transverse section of root we will
find the following.
1 Root hairs They emerge form the epidermis and are unicellular.
2 Epidermis The upper single layer of cells is called epidermis.
3 Cortex They are present in layer having intercellular spaces among them. The
Cells are round, thin walled.
4 Vascular bundles it is the most important one, are arranged in rings. They
Consists of xylem and phloem tissue.
Q no 6 Describe internal structure of a leaf.
Answer Internal structure of a leaf By observing the transverse section of leaf we will
Find the following.
1 Upper epidermis The upper most layer of cells is called upper epidermis. It has
a water proof coating of wax.
2 Palisade layer Just below the upper epidermis we will find cells of the
Palisade layer. The cells contain chloroplast. They are long and narrow, stand
Side by side.
3 Spongy layers Beneath the palisade layer is the spongy layer. The cells are
Round with large air spaces. They contain chloroplast.
4 Lower epidermis There is a waxy covering over it. There are present tiny
Opening called stomata.
Q no 7 Draw and label stomata. Describe the process of opening and closing of stomata.
Answers The guard cells are responsible for the opening and closing of stomata. When they
Absorb water they become turgid and curved thus the way opens and water loss
Occurs similarly when they loss turgur, they become flaccid and thus the stomata closes.
Q no 8 Describe the movement and absorption of water in a plant.
Answer All the movement occurs due to osmosis, transpiration pull and proper root system (vascular bundles).
1 Roots hairs They are present on the branches of roots and are responsible to receive water from the soil.
2 Vascular bundle. It contains xylem tissue as well as phloem. The water form the root hairs are then transferred to xylem.
3 Transpiration pull As transpiration occurs so a type of pull or suction force develops therefore the water that comes like a continues column, rises to the leave to replace the escaped molecules. So transpiration helps in movement of water.
Note:- Movement of water is unidirectional i.e., from roots to stem and then leaves.
Q no 9 Describe movement of food in plants.
Answer Transportation of food. Food is made within the leaves during photosynthesis, it dissolves in water .Dissolved food enters the phloem cells, usually food moves downward through the phloem of the stem into the roots.
Note:- (i) Movement of food can in both dissection ,the food sometimes follow reverse path i.e., from roots to leaves (in condition when new buds/lower/branches /fruit formation occurs)
(ii) In cortex of root, smple sugar (formed in photosynthesis) are converted to starch and stored.
Q no 10 describe an experiment to show movement of water in plants?
Answer Experiment .Take a beaker, put some colored fluid like Eosin or red ink solution after that take a shoot of any herbaceous plant say petunia and place it in a way like the roots must dipped in the fluid, before this we should wash the plant. After few hours or an overnight we will observe the color in the stem and red veins in the petals of flower of petunia.
Q no 11 Describe an experiment to show transpiration in plants?
Answer Experimental proof take a potted plant a wrap a polythene bag over it to prevent evaporation. Place it on glass plate and put a dry bell jar over it .in the same manner make another arrangement but this time the bell jar is placed with no plant. After few hours we will observe the presence of water vapors in the jar having plant .but no water vapor in the jar having no plant



CHAPTER 2
Q 1 Fill in the blanks.
1 Photo means light.
2 Photosynthesis is divided into light phase and dark phase
3 Dodder is a parasitic plant
4 Oxygen is produced during Photosynthesis.
Q 2 Encircle the correct answers from the following choices
1 It is a parasitic plant.
(a)Pitcher plant (b) Indian pipe(c) Sundew (d) Dodder
2 It is necessary for photosynthesis.
(a)Heat and light (b) Light and Oxygen(c) Light and CO2 (d) Chlorophyll and oxygen
3 It is produced during photosynthesis
(a)Oxygen and CO2 (b) Chlorophyll and light(c) Sugar and oxygen. (d)Sugar and light.
4 For respiration it is must.
(a)N2 (b) CO2(c) Starch (d) Oxygen
Q 3 Define the following
1 Photosynthesis. The word photo means light and synthesis means preparation .it is the process by which green plants prepare their food in the presence of light.
2 Respiration. It is a catabolic process in which sugar is broken down by oxygen to give energy.
3 Parasite. Such organism which take food from other living organisms. They are hetrotropic .they give harm to the host .e.g., Dodder plant.
4 Saprophyte. Such organism which take food from dead organisms. They are hetrotropic e.g., Indian pipe (Monotropa)
5 Synthesis The word synthesis means preparation/building up/to make/Putting things together.
6 Chlorophyll It is a green pigment present in chloroplast and is necessary for photosynthesis.
Q 4 Write short answers.
1 Write four materials needed by plants for photosynthesis?
Answer 1) Chlorophyll 2) Carbon dioxide 3) Light 4) Water
2 What will happen if starch is added to iodine solution?
Answer Iodine solution is light brown in colour and if starch is added it will become blue black in colour.
Q 5 Describe the process of photosynthesis?
Answer Photosynthesis
Definition The word photo means light and synthesis means putting things together and it is the process in which green plants prepare their food by using the energy of sunlight
Process of Photosynthesis
(a) Material requirement:- There are four basic requirements i.e.;
1) Chlorophyll 2) carbon dioxide 3) Light 4) Water
(b) Chemical Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
This process is divided in two phases
(i) Light Phase Name is given as it requires light. In this phase photolysis of water occurs oxygen is released through stomata.
(ii) Dark Phase it do not require light and in this phase the hydrogen we got from water ,combines with CO2 and as a series of chemical reactions sugar is formed .
Q 6 How a leaf is suited for Photosynthesis
Answer Leaves are usually flat and broad, so that there is greater exposure to sunlight
Q 7 Describe an experiment to show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.
Answer Experiment Take some variegated leaves which have been exposed to sunlight for few hours .Make a sketch of the leaf showing green and yellow area. Then boil the leaf in water, put the boiled leaf in a test tube containing alcohol, warm the alcohol by putting the test tube in a beaker having water. Alcohol dissolves chlorophyll and the leaves become colour less. After that remove the leaf and wash it in hot water. Then keep the leaf in a Petri dish and put some iodine solution for a few minutes. Remove the leaf from the iodine solution and wash it with tap water. It will be observed that only green parts of the leaf will stain blue or blue black. The yellow patches will remain unchanged
Result/Conclusion No starch formation occurred at yellow area but the green area proved the presence of starch.
Q 8 Show that Oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.
Answers Experiment Take a beaker adds 0.5 mg bicarbonate. Fill it with water. Take hydrilla plant and cut the stem. Put it in the beaker. Invert a funnel over the plant .Put two supports to keep the funnel above the bottom of the beaker. The funnel is kept on the supports to allow free circulation of water. Fill a test tube with water. Close it with the thumb. Take it in this condition under the water and put the test tube over the stem of the funnel. Place the apparatus in the sunlight .The sodium bi carbonate solution is used as a source of carbon dioxide.
In the experiment small bubbles of gas soon appear from the cut stem. The bubbles begin to collect in the test tube by displacing water .When a sufficient amount of gas has been collected in the test tube .Close the tube with thumb, and remove it out of water, now we will test for oxygen.
For this invert a glowing splint. The glowing splint burns into flame. It proves that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
Q 9 Describe the process of respiration?
Answer We will discuss cellular respiration here:
Cellular respiration it is a complex process involving different reactions, in this process a cell uses to release the energy of glucose.
Chemical Equation
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide +water+ ATP (Energy)
Q 10 Discuss heterotrophic mode of Nutrition in plants.
Answer Hetrotropic plants: - The plants which can not prepare their food and depend on other sources of food are called heterotrophic plants.
They are of three types.
(i) Saprophytic: These plants grow in soils rich in decaying organic substances such as vegetables, animals, animal waste. They obtain food from them .They are non green. e.g., Indian pipe (monotropa)
(ii) Parasites The plant that grow upon other organisms and obtain their food from living host are called parasites e.g., Dodder (Cuscutta). Their filamentous stem is yellowish in colour, which twin round the host.
(iii) Insectivorous plants These plants which capture in sects they feed upon them. Absorbing only nitrogenous compounds from their body .These plants are green in colour .They do photosynthesis but are deficient in nitrogenous requirement ,which they met by capturing insects e.g., Venus fly trap, Sundew, Piture plant etc.

CHAPTER 3
Q 1 Fill in the blanks.
1 Corolla consists of petals. .
2 Rhizopus is black in color.
3 The plumule develops into the shoot system
4 A Flower has four whorls.
Q 2 Encircle the correct answers from the following choices
1 In sexual reproduction there is involvement of
(a)One parent (b)Two parents (c)No parents(d)All of the above
2 this process is not involved in vegetative propagation.
(a) Layering (b) Stem cutting(c) Budding (d) Fertilization
3 A gram seed is covered by.
(a)hilum(b)microphyle(c)seed coat (d)plumule
4 A potato is an example of
(a) Root (b) leaf(c) flower (d) stem
Q 3 Write short answers.
1 Define the following
(a) Reproduction it is the process by which living organisms produce their own kind for continuity of their race.
(b) Pollination the process in which pollen grains form another of the Androcium are transferred to the stigma of the flower.
(c) Fertilization Fusion of an egg with sperm to make zygote is called fertilization.
(d) Germination it is defined as growth of plant from a seed
2 Name the parts of a flower
Answer The flower has the following parts
(a)Calyx (b) corolla(c) Androecium’s (d) Gynoecium’s.
3 Name the parts of a seed.
Answer A gram seed consists of seed coat, hilum, micropyle, and embryo.
4 What is vegetative propagation?
Answer Reproduction involving vegetative parts of an organism is called vegetative propagation.
Q 4 Describe asexual reproduction in Rhizopus.
Answer Spore formation in Rhizopus. It is a black mold, grows on vegetables or bread. it is also called as bread mold.
Structure The organism consist of thread like structure called hypae, These are horizontal and un branched erect hypae .On the erect hype or stalk there is a spherical structure called sporangium. This sporangium when becomes full of spores get rupture,(burst)and spores spread out into the atmosphere. If they land at suitable place for growth, they develop into new bread mold.
Q 5 Describe layering and stem cutting.
Answer Layering Some times part of the stem comes under the soil naturally or sometime method is applied as artificial vegetative propagation. Upon this the layer (buried part) thus develops new roots the exposed part develops into shoot .The layer can form and independent plant after separately from its plant.
Examples Lemon, Jasmine, and Leachie
Stem cutting: - A small cut portion of a stem is called stem cutting, each portion cutting must have at least two nodes to the end that is inserted into the ground and buds on the aerial nodes, leaves are removed from the cuttings to protect extensive loss of water .favorable conditions are like spring and rainy seasons.
Examples Hibiscus, Rose
Q 6 How vegetative propagation takes place in bulb and tubes.
Bulbs:-Best examples are onion and garlic. The stem is reduced as a disc and it is at the base of the bulb. Rest of the bulbs is made from fleshy leaves. At the stem there are buds. At the beginning of the favorable season, new roots develop from the base of the stem and grow into the soil to produce new shoots.
Note: - New bulbs which develop from buds are as daughter bulbs.
Tubes (Stem). The example of tuber is potato. It is a stem. Here the leaves and auxiliary buds on the tubes become reduced to form ‘eye’ in artificial vegetative propagation pieces of potato having eye or eyes are put under the soil which grows into new plants.
Q7 Describe the structure of a flower
Structure of flower
1 Pedicel The stalk is called Pedicel.
2 Whorls/Floral parts The floral parts are calyx, corolla, androecia and gynoecium’s.
3 Calyx It is the outer most whorls of floral parts. It consists of small leaf like parts known as sepals. These are green in colour .the protects the inner whorls and give protection to the flower during but condition.
4 Corolla The corolla is the second whorl. It consists of petals. They may be of different colour .they may be aromatic (having smell).They help in pollination as insects are attracted.
5 Androecium It is the third whorl. It is the male reproductive part. It consists of stamens. It is filamentous structures having a broader structure called anther of the tip of the filament, Anther posse’s pollen sacs.
6 Gynoecium It is the female reproductive part of flower. It consists of carpels.May be one, few or many.
Q 8 How fertilization takes place in a flower?
Answer Fertilization Pollen grain nucleus divides into two male gametes or sperm. Pollen grains are release from another and fall on stigma .On stigma pollen grains from the pollen tube reaches the egg. One of the male gametes or sperm and egg from a zygote. It is called fertilization.
Q 9 What is pollination? What are the types of pollination? Explain?
Answer Pollination. It is the process by which pollen grain are transferred from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the flower by any medium, it is called pollination
There are two type pollination (a) self pollination (b) cross pollination
Self pollination When the pollen grain from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower or to that another flower of the same plant it is called self pollination .e.g.,tomato.cotton and peas.
Cross Pollination. When the pollen grain from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of the another flower of any other plant lower then it is called cross pollination. e.g., sunflower etc.
Q 10 Describe the structure of a grain seed?
Answer Structure of grain seed
Seed coat: - A gram seed is covered by a seed coat.
Parts of seed coat:-There are two parts of a seed coat. (1) Testa (2) Tegmen
Testa The seed coat outer covering is called test. The testa is thick and brownish in colour.
Tegmen It is the inner layer of the seed coat .It is whitish and membranous. It is fused with the testa.
Function of seed coat:- The function of the seed coat is to protect the embryo which lies with ion the seed .
Hilum The hilum is a small oval depression on one side of the seed .Hilum shows the point of attachment of the seed to its stalk.
Micropyle:- Near the hilum is a tiny pore, the microphyle, water and air enter through this pore
Q 11 Describe the germination of a gram seed?
Answer Germination of a gram seed
Condition:- Condition required for germination of gram seed is the presence of water.
Mechanism Water enters through micropyle and porous seed coat and causes the seed to swell.
Transport of food. Food in the cotyledons is made soluble due to water and transported to the plumule and radicle which begins to grow.
Radicle The radicle breaks through the seed coat at the region of the micropyle and grows downwards as root. It soon gives out root hairsand side root.
Plumule. The plumule is brought above the surface of the ground; the leaves enlarge and turn green. The plumule develops into the shoot system.



CHAPTER 4

Q.1. Fill in the blanks.
(i) The pulse tells how fast the heart is beating.
(ii) Salivary glands secrete saliva.
(iii) The human kidney collects urea from blood.
(iv) Bronchus divides into fine structure know as bronchioles.

Q.2. Tick (√) true or false.
(i) There are two pairs of salivary glands in man True / False √
(ii) Small intestine can be divided into three parts. √ True / False
(iii) Gall bladder secretes bile. True / False √
(iv) White blood cells are colorless. √ True / False
(v) During respiration energy is produced. √ True / False
(vi) Skin is an organ for excretion. √ True / False

Q. 3. Encircle the correct answer from the following choice.
i. A part of digestive system which is not in contact with food is
a. Small Intestine
b. Stomach
c. Liver
d. Large intestine

ii. In humans most digestion takes place in the:
a. Mouth
b. Oesophagus
c. Stomach
d. Small intestine

iii. Bile is secreted by:
a. Pancreas
b. Liver
c. small intestine
d. Gall bladder

iv. A part of the heart that receives blood from lungs:
a. Left Atrium
b. Right Atrium
c. Left Ventricle
d. Right ventricle

v. Red blood Cells are formed in the:
a. Kidney
b. Lungs
c. Heart
d. Bones marrow


Q.4. Write short answer:
(i) What is the meaning of (a) Oesophagus (b) excretion
Ans:
(a) Oesophagus: Meaning of Oesophagus is passage way
Note: it is a muscular tube extending to the between pharynx and the stomach.
(b) Excretion: The process by waste products like carbon dioxide and urea are removed by the body is called excretion.
(ii) Write only one function of (a) Liver (b) Gall Bladder (c) Pancreas
Ans:
(a) Liver: it secretes bile which breaks up large drops of food into tiny droplets.
(b) Gall Bladder: It store the bile secreted by the liver.
(c) Pancreas: it secrete a special kind of juice which contains several enzymes into the small intestine, which break down starches, proteins and fats into smaller substance (absorbable).
(iii) What happens to food after it is absorbed by the villi?
Ans:
The food absorbed by the villi is then passed to blood capillaries which carry them
To the cells for assemble or for conversion into human proteins carbohydrates and fats.


(iv) Write the difference between
(a) Red blood cells and white blood cells.
(b) Arteries and Veins
(c) Pus and Pulse
(d) Small and large intestine
Ans:



Sr. No
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
1.
They are red in color
They are colorless
2.
A nucleated means not having nucleate
They are nucleated
3.
Only of one naturally occurring kind
They are many kind
4.
Their role is to carry oxygen
Their role is defensive
5.
Their life is 120 days
Their life is 4-5 days
6.
Number per m3
They are 4.5 – 5 million
sharp is dislike
6. Per m3 they are about 8,000.
Amoeba like


(b) Arteries and Veins

1
Cary oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein
2.
Thick walled
Thin Walled
3.
Have high blood pressure as compare to veins
Have low blood pressure.
4.
Have open channels
They have valves (in lower parts of body)
5.
Their system or network is called arterial system
Their system or network is called venous system.


(c) Pus and pulse
· PUS:
The white substance accumulated near the wound actually the deed white blood cells and bacteria are called PUS.
· Pulse:
It is actually the systolic stroke of the left ventricle. One can fell the pulse as the throbbing artery at the wrist gives as the pulse. Or it is the expansion of the artery upon receiving the push of blood due to the systolic by L.U. normal human has 72 per minutes.

(d) Small and Large Intestine
· Small Intestine:
It comes after the stomach. It is carried and is divided into three parts. i.e. (a) Duodenum (b) jejunum (c) Ileum. Almost all the digestion is completed at here.
· Large Intestine:
No further digestion takes here it comes after small intestine only water, salts and minerals are absorbed. Rest is waste and is expelled from the body.

(e) Herbivore and carnivore
Herbivores: They include animals that feed only on plants e.g. goats, camel, elephants.
Carnivores: They include animals that feed on other animals. E.g. tiger, lion.

v) Why there are valves in the vein but not in artery?
Ans: Because to prevent back flow of blood secondly incase of artery the flow of blood is high so there should be no valve.

Q.5. Describe the process of digestion in man.
Ans: Process of Digestion: The food follows the following path.
Oral Cavity:
The bolus is broken down in small bits by the teeth. Saliva mixes with the food, Saliva contain an enzyme which helps in the digestion of carbohydrates. With the help of forge food is swallowed and forwarded to the Oesophagus.

Oesophagus:
It caries the food to the stomach bolus is put forwarded by the rythemic muscular contraction of the walls of Oesophagus.

Stomach:
it secretor gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus. By the strong muscular action of the stomach the food becomes a thick fluid. Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and activates same enzymes to facilitate digestion.

Small intestine:
Food is then pushed into the small intestine via a trapdoor. Lies at the end of the stomach. Here the digestion is almost completed. They secretion of intestine and that comes from pancreas and bile juice completes the digestion of protein, carbohydrates and fats.

Large intestine:
Here only the water and mineral salts are absorbed and the waste are then expelled out.


Q. 6. Describe the Structure of Human Hearts.
Ans:
Heart:
It is a pumping organ that pumps the blood.

(a) External Morphology
a. Shape à cone like
b. Presence à in the chest slightly left between lungs.
c. Size à about Mans fist
d. Covering à covered by a transparent membrane called pericardium
e. Pericardial fluid à it exists between the pericardium and the heart. It is there to prevent friction, keeps heart moist and protects it from shocks.
(b) Internal Morphology/Anatomy
a. Two pumps : both lie side by side
b. Chamber : There are four chambers in human
c. Atrium : They are upper two (right & left)
i. Right Atrium: receive deoxygenate blood which is pumped to right vertical and after that to the lungs for oxygenation.
ii. Left Atrium: It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs which is then pushed to left ventricle and then to aorta (Thick walled artery emerging from the heart) and then it is distributed to all the body.
d. Ventricle: There are lower two Chamber
i. Right Ventricle: Receive blood from right auricle and pushes it to lungs.
ii. Left Ventricle: it receives oxygenated blood from the left auricle which is then forwarded to all of the body by systolic stroke.
Note: The walls of the Ventricles are strong and thick as compared to the auricles.
Q. 2. Describe the structure of respiratory organs.
Ans:
The respiratory system consists of the following organs Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs.

Nose: Nose consists of nostril and nasal cavity. Air enters the body through two nostrils. Mucus membrane execrates mucus which moist the air due to body temperature air is warm. Hairs trap the large particle present in air.

Pharynx: Air passes from nose to pharynx. The pharynx is lead in to two tubes. The Oesophagus through which food is pass to stomach. The other tube is trachea through which air is passing to lungs.

Larynx: The upper end of the trachea is called larynx. Air after passing through the pharynx enters the upper end of trachea. It passes through the voice box or larynx.

Vocal Cords: Vocal cords are the flexible band of tissue which is stretched across the larynx. When we speak, air moves up from the lungs and causes the vocal cord to vibrate. The vibrations enable to provide the sound which is regulated by lips and tongue with voice.

Epiglottis: The trachea is covered by a small lid called the epiglottis. When the food is swallowed, the epiglottis prevents food from going down the trachea and into the lungs.

Trachea: it is a large tube having circular cartilaginous rings which prevent its collapsing / crossing. So trachea is open all two time. It is internally lined with ciliated hairs.
Bronchi: it then divides into two bronchi, each for left and right lung.

Bronchioles: There are the division / branches of bronchi inside the lungs and ends at air bags.
Alveoli: cluster of air bags like bunch of grapes. Richly supplied by capillaries. Here exchange of gas takes place.

Q. Describe the excretory system of man.

Excretory system of Man:
Their are pair of kidneys
Location: on either side of the back bone in abdominal region
Length: Each kidney is about 10cm long.
Shape: bean shaped.
Mechanism of filtration:
The blood has Urea which is filtrated by kidneys. Nephron is the structural and functional unit
of kidney. It separates the area, and makes urine. The urine consists of water, salts, and urea.
The urine thus made is directed toward the urinary bladder. Here it is stored and then is
released from the body through urethra i.e. end point of excretory system.
Note: Urine releasing control is not developed in infants and some times it malfunctions in
old people.

Q.9. Draw and label:
(i) Digestive system of man
(ii) Respiratory system of man
(iii) Excretory system of man
(iv) Vertical section of human heart.

Ans:
(i) Digestive System of Man






















(ii) (ii) Excretory system of man




















Respiratory system of man















































(iv) Vertical section of human heart.